TOWN PLANNING

TOWN PLANNING

TOWN PLANNING

Town Planning

“Town planning is the planning and design of all new buildings, roads and parks in order to make them attractive and convenient for people who live there”.

Objects of Town Planning:

The four essential objects of town planning are beauty, convenience, environment and health.

1)          Beauty:The object of beauty is achieved by taking the most possible advantages of the natural conditions surrounding the town and also by giving the architectural finishes to the various components of town. it also include the preservation of trees, natural greenery. architectural control on public as well as semi-public buildings, ancient architectural buildings, temples, churches, mosques, buildings of cultural and historical significance, etc

2)          Convenience:The object of convenience is understood in the form of various economic, social and recreational amenities to be given to the public. These amenities include cheap power and electricity, proper sites for industrial units, transport facilities, adequate power supply, easy disposal of sewage and industrial waste, facilities to commercial units, ets. The recreational amenities include open spaces, parks, town halls, playgrounds, cinema houses, community centers, stadiums, est.

3)          Environment:The object of environment is important in the sense that environment should be moulded in such a way that man can go about his normal activities with the least amount of strain. The complex problems of the modern society such as tiresome travel to work, long hours of work, limited time spent within the community etc. have gradually led toward serious mal-adjustments between the human being and the type of life he had to live .town planning is mainly concerned with bringing about a better relationship between man and his environment.

4)          Health:The object of health is accommodated in town planning scheme by making right use of land for right purpose. By providing parks and playgrounds for the public. By maintaining the pollution at lowest possible degree, etc it is achieved by dividing the land into zones such as residential, commercial etc.

It is however, necessary for the town planner to maintain a proper balance between the four objects mentioned above.

PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING TOWN

PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING TOWN

PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING TOWN

Principle of Town Planning

The subject of town planning demands the knowledge of various professions, especially those of engineering, architecture and surveying. The town should not be design only to satisfy the needs of future generation. But the probable growth and development of the town should be suitably conceived by the town planner and it should be seen that the town does not develop in a haphazard fashion.

Some of the guideline principles of the town planning are as follow:

• Green belt
• Housing
• Public buildings
• Recreation centers
• Road systems
• Transport facilities
• Zoning

• Green belt:The provision of green belt on the periphery of the town results in limitation of its size and hence, final size of the town can well be anticipated.

• Housing:Extreme care should be taken to provide housing accommodation to various categories of the people. It should be observed that there is no development of slum and further, if slums are existing, they are cleared by the provision of some alternative arrangement.

• Public buildings:There should be a well-balanced grouping and distribution of various public buildings throughout the town. The unnecessary concentration of public buildings at the certain spot of the town should be avoided.

• Recreation centers:Depending upon the size of town, enough space should be reserved for the development as recreation centers for the general public.

• Road system:The efficiency of the town is measured by the layout of its road system. A nicely designed road system puts a great impression in the minds of people especially the visitors to the town. The provision of faulty road system in the initial stages of the town formation proves to be too difficult and costly to repair or to re-arrange in future.

• Transport facilities:The town should be provided with suitable transport facilities so that there is minimum loss of time from place of work to the place of residence.

• Zoning:The town should be divided in suitable zones such as commercial zone, industrial zone, residential zone etc. and suitable rules and regulation should be formed for the  development of each zone.

PLANNING OF THE MODERN TOWN

PLANNING OF THE MODERN TOWN

PLANNING OF THE MODERN TOWN

Modern Town Plan

The procedure for preparing the outline plan of the modern town depends on skills, training and imagination of the town planner. A proper combination of function and site would result in the formation of a successful modern town.

The usual features which involve in the plan of modern town are as follow:

• Spaces for residence, commerce and industry
• Communication system
• Parks and playgrounds
• Public utility services
• Neighborhood structures, and
• Public buildings

The spaces to be allotted for various features can be studied from the study of existing towns or they can be suitably judged from the experience of the town planner. In the beginning, the town planner prepares the outline plane accommodating the above features and if necessary, one or more alternatives are also prepared and then, by trial and error a combination giving maximum benefit of site with the faction or functions of town adopted

The impotent points to be remembered in the planning of modern town are as follow:

• The provision of various public utilities should be liberal to meet with future requirements.
• The road system should be well designed after careful considerations and it should be able to develop a good bond between different zones of the town.
• Enough provision should be made in outline plan for parks, playgrounds and recreation centers.
• The industrial area should be properly located and provision of facilities required for the same should be made.
• Extreme care should be taken for the planning of residential area and amenities such as school, local shops etc.
• The public buildings should be located in such a way that favorable impression is developed on the visitors.
• The study of existing railway line will help in finalizing the location of main railway station for the town.
• The natural features of the site should be preserved and maximum advantage should be taken of such features for public enjoyment.

After this the outline plan finalized, the detailed planning of various area of the town is carried out.
The urban planner at present is facing with problems of designing new towns and cities to meet rapidly changing life styles of society.

CIVIC SURVEY

CIVIC SURVEY

CIVIC SURVEY

Civic Survey

The civic or town survey is conducted with special reference to the conditions prevailing in and around the town to be planned. The topics which are usually covered in the civic survey are as follow:

• Communication Amenities:The means of communication such as roads, railways and waterways are studied togather with their inter-relationship. A study of the characteristics of traffic and its density also made.

• Contour:The study of contours of the area helps in deciding the gradients of roads, location of waterworks and sewage plants, etc. the information regarding contour of the area is also utilized in the location of public building which require commanding sites and of airport which required a leveled ground.

• Existing land use and land values:It includes the study of agricultural lands, residential and commercial areas, parks, open spaces, location of airports etc. it also help in deciding the amount of betterment charges and in getting an overall picture of the financial implications or liabilities in planning a town.

• Historical background:It includes the study of general historical development of the town, present policy of administration, physical and social aspects of the area, etc.

• Housing:The characteristics of houses, distribution and reaction of people to houses, etc. are studied

• Industries:The character, distribution, types and special requirements of the local industries are studied.

• It includes the study of the present and future population to be served by the town planning scheme, family structure, density of population, migration tendensies etc.

• Preservation of natural features:The buildings, open spaces and spots of the natural beauty, which are ato be preserved, are considered.

• PublicIt includes the study of buildings to be used by common people.

• Public health:A study is made of the general health of inhabitants, death rate, causes of special diseases etc.

• Public services:A study of public services such as water supply, sewerage, telephone, gas, electricity, etc. is made

• Topography :The topography of the area is studied with refrence to clmatic conditions, location of rivers and streams, etc

ZONING

ZONING

ZONING

zoning

The  zoning is defined as   “the regulation by the law of use of land, buildings and the height and density of buildings is the specific area for the purpose of securing convenience, health, safety and general welfare of community.

Objects of zoningThe objects and purposes of zoning are as follow:

• The town planner gets ample opportunities for designing the future growth and development of town. The zoning serves as main tool to the town planner to achieve his goal.
• The zoning affords proper co-ordination of various public amenities such as transport facilities, water supply, drainage, electric power
• The zoning proves to be an effective instrument in the hands of town planner for making any town planning scheme effective and successful. 

Principles of Town PlanningThe main principles of zoning are as follow:

• Arrangement of zones:The usual pattern of zones is in the form of concentric bands. The central area of the town is followed the sub-central area, the intermediate area and the undeveloped area. The other pattern of zones would be to provide blocks or units for various use in different parts of the town.

• Boundaries:The design of boundaries for different zones should be carefully made. A Street or road usually does not provide a suitable boundary. A railway line or parker an open green space may prove to be satisfactory boundary.

• Existing town:When zoning is to be applied to an existing town, the information regarding to the existing use of land is gathered and as for as possible, the town is dividing into the zones by considering the pre-dominant use in particular areas. However, the existing use of land can only be altered, if there are substantial grounds to justify such alteration.

• Flexibility:The principles of zoning may be rigidly enforced. But at the same time, care should be taken to observe the flexibility in working out the details of zoning. for instance home should be very near to the place of work to reduce time and cost of travel. But at the same time, they should not be too near to be dislike by inhabitants for residence. Similarly, the small shopping centers for day-to-day requirements should be allowed in residential zone.

• New towns:For designing new town of known population, the areas required for residence, industry and business are worked out with the help of suitable methods.

ADVANTAGES OF ZONING

ADVANTAGES OF ZONING

ADVANTAGES OF ZONING

zoning

Following are the advantages of zoning:

• Danger for fire:The zoning results into minimum chances of fire occurrence and consequently the damages due to fire are brought down to the minimum level.

• Future development:If zoning is adopted it results into controlled future development of the town with proper regards to the community welfare as main criteria.

• General amenities:The zoning provides for general amenities such as parks, playgrounds, cinemas, shopping centers, and schools est. In their proper surroundings and it avoid undue wastage of time, money and space.

• Health of community:If zoning is properly done, it results in considerable improvement in the health of the community as a whole. The zoning prevents the invasion of undesirable industries on the residential area. Thus the harmful gases and the odor are prevented from entering or attacking the residential area by force of wind.

• Population distribution:The zoning regulates the density of population and there is no undue concentration of population in any part of the town.

• Public utility services:The zoning permits the economic use of various public utility services such as water supply, drainage lines, telephones, etc.

LOCATION OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

LOCATION OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

LOCATION OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

The town planner should give careful considerations for the location of various public buildings such as town hall, auditorium, municipal buildings, post offices, central public library, university campus, schools, hospitals, etc

Following factors should be examined at the time of site selection for the public buildings:

• Fore ground
• Grouping
• Monumental buildings
• Parking space
• Purpose

•  Fore ground:The site of public building should have sufficient foreground so that a full view may be obtained ant it can be seen to its best advantage. For achieving better results, it is desirable that the observer should be at a distance equal to twice the height of the building. the shape of foreground should rather be oblong

• Grouping:The public buildings whose factions are interrelated should be located very near to each other. If possible, it is desirable to form a grouping of such public buildings on a common site.

• Monumental buildings:A monumental building should, if possible, be located at the summit of a grade in hilly countries so that it can be seen with advantage from avenues approaching it. The sites with a park view or river front or sea front or axis of parkway are also excellent for location of the public buildings.

• Parking space:The sites for certain public buildings such as town hall, hospital etc have an ample and adequate parking space around them.

• Purpose:The site should be of easy access and best suited to the purpose for which the public building is intended.

Some of the illustrations are as follow.

ü  The central library should be readily accessible to the whole or part of the city it serves and should be in a quiet place with ample open space around it.
ü  The educational institutions like university campus which provides residential facilities may be on the outskirts of the city in park like surroundings and on extensive areas sufficient for future development. The schools and other small educational institutions should be located in the residential areas.
ü  The hospitals should be, as far as possible, in the closely inhabited areaso as to be readily accessible for all the people. They should also be free from noise and dust and should have sufficient area for future expansion.
ü  The main post office should, if possible, be near the railway station and within easy walking distance from the business center.
ü  The municipal and govt buildings should be near the main business area of the town. But they should be on the edge and not in the center of this area.
ü  The sanatorium, medical hospitals and other special medical institutions should be located away from the center of the town.
ü  The town hall should be located near the transit facilities